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six five four three two

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[Music]

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hey what's up everybody welcome to this

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episode of NASA and Silicon Valley live

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for September 13th 2018

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I'm your host ABI Tabor and I have with

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me a new face today my co-host hi I'm

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Christina Chung and if you didn't know

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this is a NASA of Silicon Valley live a

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conversational show out of NASA Ames

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Research Center with the various

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scientists researchers engineers and all

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around very cool people at NASA where we

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talk about the nerdy news that you need

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to know about absolutely yeah and you

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can watch us live on twitch YouTube and

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Facebook but if you want to ask

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questions to our expert so I'm going to

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introduce in a minute you need to be on

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twitch so go to twitch.tv slash NASA

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watch us live but if you miss us you can

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watch us on demand later including on

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NASA TV and there's always the audio

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version if you want to hear the podcast

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version so let's go today we're gonna be

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talking to you about studying life in

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space as in what happens to earth life

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when we bring it into the weird

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conditions of space and later on in the

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show we're gonna share some genius space

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hacks that our researchers have come up

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with really simple solutions to do this

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incredible research that they're getting

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done so we're gonna get to that later

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but first let me introduce you to our

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guest today I have with me Sid son

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welcome Sid is the manager of the space

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Biosciences division here at NASA Ames

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and I have Sharmila Bhattacharya Hey she

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is a senior scientist here studying a

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life in space welcome guys now I'm going

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to be looking at the chat for questions

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from the audience so while I'm browsing

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there meanwhile Christina you want to

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get us into the science today and sure

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definitely all righty so welcome Sid and

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Sharmila thank you for coming here and

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just to get the get all of us situated

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what is space Biosciences and why is

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this important that NASA does space

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Biosciences research yeah so we are

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studying life in space we're looking at

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all different types of organisms ranging

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from tiny little microbes tissue cells

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fruit flies other types of animals

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and the reason we're looking at all

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these is that we want to understand the

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risks that are facing our astronauts as

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we go onto Mars Mars itself is going to

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be roughly a two or three year

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round-trip mission for astronauts

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there's going to be a lot of risks that

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they're going to be facing there's a

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high radiation environment that they're

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going to be exposed to they're going to

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be experiencing zero-gravity as they're

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getting to Mars when they get on to Mars

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they'll be dealing with roughly a 1/3

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gravity environment rough relative to

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what we experienced here on earth and

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then of course then they have the long

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trip back so there's a lot of changes

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they're going to be experiencing and

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there's a lot of things that it's going

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to be hard to study on the astronauts

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themselves so we do our studies with

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mice fruit flies and other organisms oh

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very cool sure Mila do you want to maybe

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expand on that yeah so I was going to

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say that you know if some of this says

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as we just talked about earlier that you

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want to know what happens in the humans

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or in astronauts but it's very hard to

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do these experiments on humans and so

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you need these little surrogates so to

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speak you know these tiny organisms so

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you actually understand the basic

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biological changes that are happening

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inside the cell so that you can then

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send you know with your crew that's

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going out there into Mars or moon

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explorations you can send them with you

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know the medications they need some of

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the countermeasures and to know what to

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send and and how to keep them healthy

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out there you need to understand the

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basic biology underlying these changes

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and that's what space Biosciences is

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about yeah amazing I already have a

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question you can tell me if you think

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we're gonna answer this throughout the

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show but Rev lucky shot wants to know

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what's the biggest difficulty in

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performing these tests in space very

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good question so I for me I think the

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biggest issue is the fact that you're

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limited in mass and volume so the size

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of your experiment has to be and you

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don't need you can't expect very much

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help from the crew because they're busy

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doing other more important things

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yes and so you have to have it often be

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automated it has to be small and yet

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you're gonna have to ask those important

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science questions and you want to make

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sure that when the experiment comes back

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you can answer them so so designing that

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experiment so that it's successful

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useful but also fits within the

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constraints of the spaceflight or the

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challenge I think oh well speaking of

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things that we need to send into space I

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think we're gonna move on to a let's

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play our first segment yeah our first

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segment let's play and we will be

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answering the question has it been to

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space yeah want to roll that second

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build get us ready

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[Music]

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alright guys this is a game I have some

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questions for you and you guys watching

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can play along at home and if you get

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let's say 10 out of 10 of my questions

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we'll give you a shout out so so the

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question is has it been to space and I

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have for you 10 organisms alright the

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bear all right what about the jellyfish

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jellyfish yes we have flown jellyfish

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really yeah why would you fly jelly

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basically y-yeah well

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jellyfish have these tiny little organs

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that help them sense the gravity feel

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that they're within and so we wanted to

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understand what happens when they're in

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an environment without gravity yeah

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that's cool to me that an ocean creature

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has that kind of dangerous they said I

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mean I'm scared of a jellyfish sting but

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that's where it's nice that it's all

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contained that's your true very true in

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their tanks all right ready rodents one

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of the organisms we fly the most oh yeah

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do our experiments with huh alright

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it's a squid yes we have done

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experiments which foods so another ocean

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critter we've actually said yes yes

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though no not giant squid little squid

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do you know why well it's an interesting

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experiment because these tiny squids

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they were growing from their baby stage

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essentially they were going through some

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changes in their body

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we wanted to understand those changes

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would be different in the environment

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that they're experiencing in space yeah

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growing and developing and yeah how

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space change is that yeah cool what

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about our nation's favorite bird I

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didn't get a chance to go seems unfair

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those flying creatures know what about

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yes indeed one of my favorites have gone

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to space I've gone to space for science

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I you know that I think we were talking

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about it but what was so cool is that

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the spider made a web and it wasn't

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quite right they took it down those

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another one and it was perfect the

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second time so you're saying the spider

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learned yeah that's yeah that Fassett

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dude once it was messed up yeah it

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builds and you knew that was messed up

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to them down man knew how to adjust and

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make it right the second time all right

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that's very cool there's a question yeah

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so many ocean creatures have gone to

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space why so many is there a specific

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reason you choose marine animals um

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there are different type of organisms

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model organism that we there's a wide

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range of them and just I think just from

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your quiz there a couple people are

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asking about the birds

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okay there's been no eagle but have

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there been other birds and they want to

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know how would they yeah so we form

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different eggs in space and seeing how

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they have developed I believe there's

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been some birds from but I'm not too

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familiar with the science themselves

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well so so with that yeah and they've

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been flying things like they've been

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bumblebees and insects that why can they

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do the class and they succeed they do

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the bumblebee from what I remember there

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was a lot of tumbling so hobby

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I clearly knew that that gravity was

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yeah I figured it out eventually

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here's another ocean creature what about

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this guy what is this guy we've done

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some interesting experiment nudes

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because we want to see how what happens

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with the tail as it grows in space

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because there's a lot of tissue

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generation processes so with it and one

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of the interesting things we found out

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was newts grown on earth their tails

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have a downward bend to them but this

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the newts growing in space because

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there's no gravity the tails are

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perfectly symmetric and grow up

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horizontally relative to the animal and

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would you study something like that to

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understand how the human body could

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generate tissue yeah is that the

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connection yeah yeah so there there are

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these so the way the cells actually

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divide are very similar between all

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different organisms and so newts and you

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know with stem cells and so on there's a

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lot of applicability - yeah a lot of

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similarities ok I have one more all

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certain complexities descending in our

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wall space we did do a Twitter poll on

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this subject over the last couple of

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days and it seems that our followers

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nailed it

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the narwhal has not been to space yeah

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you guys were right so well done all

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right that's all I got for you so why

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the great diversity of organisms can you

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just kind of sum that up for us yeah so

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the different organisms have are studied

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in different ways you know one organism

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that I could talk to are

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the rodents that we fly in space a lot

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of the mice and rats that we have in

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space are used for different types of

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experiments number of them are involving

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bone and muscle research and so we've

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had experiments on space station where

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you want to examine what happens over

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course a time with the bone that are in

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the mice so what we have here is a model

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of a mouse femur or the hip bone and no

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this is not the actual size these kids

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when I show them this I tell them that

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we're trying to find giant mice on space

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station in their eyes no this is a 3d

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model the actual bone is much smaller

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it's more than just a fraction of an

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inch long but the bone loss is

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significant in space and the bone loss

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we see in mice is much faster than what

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we see with humans so typically the bone

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loss and animal experiences within one

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month is equal to what an astronaut

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would experience across a whole year so

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we could see results much faster and you

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know not only are we at NASA interested

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in this phenomenon because we're curious

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about what's happening with the

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astronauts but it's also drug companies

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who are looking to deal with come up

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00:13:26,940 --> 00:13:24,730
with treatments for osteoporosis very

275
00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:26,950
significant disease affecting many many

276
00:13:32,970 --> 00:13:30,400
people all right so we're working with

277
00:13:37,130 --> 00:13:32,980
companies like Novartis or antenori I

278
00:13:40,050 --> 00:13:37,140
Lilly develop develop new treatments and

279
00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:40,060
when one examples of what we're seeing

280
00:13:47,430 --> 00:13:45,130
is this is an example of what bone would

281
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:47,440
normally look like ok and you can see

282
00:13:53,060 --> 00:13:49,360
this is the inside of the bone can you

283
00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:53,070
guys see that with the camera and

284
00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:54,970
normally the inside of the bone does

285
00:14:01,170 --> 00:13:56,890
have this cheese-like structure but

286
00:14:03,330 --> 00:14:01,180
there's a lot of blue structure

287
00:14:05,910 --> 00:14:03,340
it's just colored this way to illustrate

288
00:14:07,830 --> 00:14:05,920
it but the mouse bone I was saying in

289
00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:07,840
space after 30 days experience

290
00:14:13,230 --> 00:14:10,540
significant loss and this is what we see

291
00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:13,240
after 30 days so you'll see

292
00:14:18,930 --> 00:14:16,690
much larger holes in the middle yeah and

293
00:14:20,699 --> 00:14:18,940
so with the best structure more holes

294
00:14:23,460 --> 00:14:20,709
that's definitely telling us that the

295
00:14:24,630 --> 00:14:23,470
bones are far weaker okay and so we're

296
00:14:27,060 --> 00:14:24,640
worried about this you know what's gonna

297
00:14:28,769 --> 00:14:27,070
happen when the astronauts have to do

298
00:14:30,030 --> 00:14:28,779
work perhaps when they land on Mars and

299
00:14:31,380 --> 00:14:30,040
if they're gonna have weaker bones it's

300
00:14:33,449 --> 00:14:31,390
gonna be there with much more prone to

301
00:14:34,860 --> 00:14:33,459
injuries and right right and you need to

302
00:14:36,660 --> 00:14:34,870
figure that out now right before they

303
00:14:38,730 --> 00:14:36,670
arrive there's a question that might be

304
00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:38,740
related to this what's the most notable

305
00:14:41,730 --> 00:14:40,330
breakthrough in the medical field that

306
00:14:44,250 --> 00:14:41,740
has been found through space

307
00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:44,260
experimentation is that a good example

308
00:14:47,670 --> 00:14:46,450
yeah yeah exactly where we're working

309
00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:47,680
with companies all the time to

310
00:14:53,220 --> 00:14:50,770
understand how this is playing out so

311
00:14:55,889 --> 00:14:53,230
and then we're doing experiments in cell

312
00:14:58,699 --> 00:14:55,899
biology immunology sending how to

313
00:15:00,780 --> 00:14:58,709
prevent people from getting infections

314
00:15:04,710 --> 00:15:00,790
so there's a wide range of different

315
00:15:06,199 --> 00:15:04,720
diseases that were examining do you want

316
00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:06,209
to talk more about some of the other

317
00:15:10,410 --> 00:15:08,350
experiments that Ames his sense of space

318
00:15:14,670 --> 00:15:10,420
and a rodent research is one of them

319
00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:14,680
right yeah definitely um so charmoula I

320
00:15:18,780 --> 00:15:16,990
know you are one of our resident fruit

321
00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:18,790
fly experts here is anything you can

322
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:20,440
tell us a little bit about the fruit fly

323
00:15:24,329 --> 00:15:21,760
research is done at NASA Ames Research

324
00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:24,339
Center yeah certainly I'd love to so

325
00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:28,690
here you can see this vial here is you

326
00:15:32,670 --> 00:15:30,640
know contains these fruit flies you can

327
00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:32,680
see them you know you probably have seen

328
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:35,170
them in the house buzzing around your

329
00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:38,110
rotting bananas and they're tiny but

330
00:15:43,199 --> 00:15:40,570
they're extremely useful and so fruit

331
00:15:45,329 --> 00:15:43,209
flies for example are used on earth to

332
00:15:47,910 --> 00:15:45,339
understand various disease conditions

333
00:15:50,190 --> 00:15:47,920
along with you know how does your immune

334
00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:50,200
system work so when you get infected by

335
00:15:54,510 --> 00:15:52,690
a microbe a bug you know and you you do

336
00:15:55,949 --> 00:15:54,520
feel better and the day or so you know

337
00:15:58,800 --> 00:15:55,959
how does that happen how does your body

338
00:16:00,600 --> 00:15:58,810
cope so the fruit fly actually has an

339
00:16:03,780 --> 00:16:00,610
innate immune system that's very similar

340
00:16:06,060 --> 00:16:03,790
to humans so we learn a lot about you

341
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:06,070
know immune system the brain you know

342
00:16:10,170 --> 00:16:07,810
how does the brain respond in a new

343
00:16:12,329 --> 00:16:10,180
situation and you know being in space is

344
00:16:14,940 --> 00:16:12,339
definitely a new situation for most

345
00:16:16,949 --> 00:16:14,950
organisms you see every flies a brain it

346
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:16,959
has a brain secretly are we talking like

347
00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:18,910
I mean it's got to be small microscopic

348
00:16:26,519 --> 00:16:23,970
yes what was surprisingly very

349
00:16:28,499 --> 00:16:26,529
structurally very similar you know in

350
00:16:30,569 --> 00:16:28,509
the way the neurons function and stuff

351
00:16:32,460 --> 00:16:30,579
Wow is actually very similar to that

352
00:16:34,919 --> 00:16:32,470
there are many fewer neurons that flare

353
00:16:36,779 --> 00:16:34,929
salad so it's simpler which also makes

354
00:16:38,909 --> 00:16:36,789
it easier to study because then you

355
00:16:40,799 --> 00:16:38,919
actually you know can can look at

356
00:16:43,409 --> 00:16:40,809
changes in the brain and changes in the

357
00:16:45,210 --> 00:16:43,419
behavior and new situations and start to

358
00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:45,220
draw correlations as to you know which

359
00:16:49,619 --> 00:16:46,720
genes are important which part of the

360
00:16:51,839 --> 00:16:49,629
brain is important so similarly you know

361
00:16:53,849 --> 00:16:51,849
the heart is another important you know

362
00:16:56,460 --> 00:16:53,859
organ system there's several of these

363
00:16:58,499 --> 00:16:56,470
you know the circadian system which

364
00:17:01,289 --> 00:16:58,509
means you know your night and day night

365
00:17:03,809 --> 00:17:01,299
and day so when you have jet lag or or

366
00:17:05,999 --> 00:17:03,819
you have bol be there all night with an

367
00:17:08,189 --> 00:17:06,009
all-nighter you know your your sleep is

368
00:17:09,869 --> 00:17:08,199
thrown off and study that in flies and

369
00:17:13,259 --> 00:17:09,879
you can study that in places like the

370
00:17:15,779 --> 00:17:13,269
Nobel Prize actually recently what went

371
00:17:18,210 --> 00:17:15,789
to a Drosophila researcher who worked

372
00:17:20,549 --> 00:17:18,220
that all out and fertilized and it's

373
00:17:22,259 --> 00:17:20,559
very applicable those same genes or many

374
00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:22,269
of those genes and pathways are very

375
00:17:26,039 --> 00:17:24,250
applicable to humans and that's how we

376
00:17:28,079 --> 00:17:26,049
know a lot about what happens in

377
00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:28,089
mammalian systems along with studies and

378
00:17:32,039 --> 00:17:30,250
other you know those after that but but

379
00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:32,049
a lot of this work was started with the

380
00:17:39,060 --> 00:17:35,049
rag did you tell me that your students

381
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:39,070
develop that hardware you know the other

382
00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:41,110
major advantage of doing something like

383
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:43,090
fruit flies in addition to its

384
00:17:49,139 --> 00:17:45,610
similarity to the humans is that you can

385
00:17:51,749 --> 00:17:49,149
fit thousands of these flies into a one

386
00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:51,759
box this size which was developed in

387
00:17:57,360 --> 00:17:55,330
fact in my lab by summer students and

388
00:17:59,369 --> 00:17:57,370
and then NASA you know helped kind of

389
00:18:01,619 --> 00:17:59,379
ruggedized it and make it a bit more

390
00:18:04,019 --> 00:18:01,629
robust but otherwise essentially the

391
00:18:06,779 --> 00:18:04,029
design is that made by students and so

392
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:06,789
we can bring back thousands of flies in

393
00:18:12,149 --> 00:18:10,210
a box this small and you can just you

394
00:18:13,980 --> 00:18:12,159
know you can really study and understand

395
00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:13,990
a lot of very valuable systems that you

396
00:18:19,619 --> 00:18:17,200
couldn't do in humans or in a larger

397
00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:19,629
organism like you said the ego where you

398
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:27,520
speaking of you know hardware developed

399
00:18:32,290 --> 00:18:29,510
here at Ames I know there's also piece

400
00:18:34,360 --> 00:18:32,300
of hardware up here developed by Ames

401
00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:34,370
researchers as well is that right yeah

402
00:18:41,260 --> 00:18:38,990
so what we have here is the it's a

403
00:18:44,470 --> 00:18:41,270
cassette from the bio culture system and

404
00:18:48,820 --> 00:18:44,480
this is a system we developed at Ames to

405
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:48,830
grow cells in space what we have down at

406
00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:51,710
the bottom in in pink and blue is the

407
00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:53,330
bioreactor and that's where the cells

408
00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:57,050
actually grow and to keep the cells

409
00:19:00,430 --> 00:18:57,410
alive

410
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:00,440
we have fluids that are circulating and

411
00:19:06,820 --> 00:19:03,410
the fluids provide the nutrients the

412
00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:06,830
gases to supply the the cells and also

413
00:19:14,620 --> 00:19:08,930
carrier way to waste products it looks

414
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:14,630
like a really complex system we have ten

415
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:17,210
cassettes ten copies of these that are

416
00:19:21,490 --> 00:19:19,010
in what's called the bio culture system

417
00:19:25,030 --> 00:19:21,500
so by having ten ADIZ were able to

418
00:19:27,910 --> 00:19:25,040
examine multiple samples or different

419
00:19:31,120 --> 00:19:27,920
samples of whatever whatever cells were

420
00:19:34,180 --> 00:19:31,130
wanting to grow so cool I'm gonna keep

421
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:34,190
us moving because we're running short on

422
00:19:36,430 --> 00:19:35,450
time and we have so much more that we

423
00:19:38,380 --> 00:19:36,440
want to ask and I have a bunch of

424
00:19:39,340 --> 00:19:38,390
questions that I'm gonna save in just a

425
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:39,350
minute

426
00:19:42,790 --> 00:19:40,730
this stuff is all things you've

427
00:19:46,750 --> 00:19:42,800
developed fairly recently and you're

428
00:19:48,970 --> 00:19:46,760
using now what's next is that do you

429
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:48,980
want to talk about this it's right um so

430
00:19:52,060 --> 00:19:50,810
I really you're also the principal

431
00:19:54,850 --> 00:19:52,070
investigator for another very

432
00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:54,860
interesting experiment called be I was

433
00:19:58,420 --> 00:19:57,110
fentanyl wow that's such a cool name I

434
00:20:08,830 --> 00:19:58,430
mean anything with the word sensible in

435
00:20:11,890 --> 00:20:08,840
it I think it's cool oh yes and while

436
00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:11,900
while CID is helping bring the model

437
00:20:14,770 --> 00:20:13,160
over so you can see what the satellite

438
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:14,780
looks like let me show you what the

439
00:20:20,110 --> 00:20:16,970
yeast cells look like so these are yeast

440
00:20:22,990 --> 00:20:20,120
cells not dissimilar at all to the yeast

441
00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:23,000
that you have that help make bread or

442
00:20:29,539 --> 00:20:26,450
beer those of you only above 21 would

443
00:20:31,909 --> 00:20:29,549
know what I mean by beer

444
00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:31,919
but so what you're seeing here for

445
00:20:37,220 --> 00:20:35,250
example each of these spots is actually

446
00:20:40,519 --> 00:20:37,230
hundreds and thousands of yeast cells

447
00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:40,529
each in fact one each of these colonies

448
00:20:44,659 --> 00:20:42,330
was founded by one single cells so

449
00:20:46,639 --> 00:20:44,669
remember how I talk to you about fruit

450
00:20:48,919 --> 00:20:46,649
flies and an advantage being numbers

451
00:20:51,409 --> 00:20:48,929
well similarly there I could fly

452
00:20:54,289 --> 00:20:51,419
thousands of flies in a box that big

453
00:20:57,409 --> 00:20:54,299
here I can I can fly millions and

454
00:21:00,039 --> 00:20:57,419
billions of cells in a satellite the

455
00:21:02,659 --> 00:21:00,049
size and wise number important because

456
00:21:04,669 --> 00:21:02,669
you know you need those numbers to do

457
00:21:06,919 --> 00:21:04,679
statistics in science so that when you

458
00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:06,929
see a change you know it's believable

459
00:21:11,149 --> 00:21:09,000
and reproducible so you need a large

460
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:11,159
number right so what are we doing with

461
00:21:17,019 --> 00:21:13,710
these yeast in the satellite and why is

462
00:21:20,019 --> 00:21:17,029
it interesting well for one thing

463
00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:20,029
remember Sid mentioned that when you go

464
00:21:25,190 --> 00:21:22,950
deep into space as more radiation right

465
00:21:27,649 --> 00:21:25,200
and so we want to understand what that

466
00:21:29,539 --> 00:21:27,659
radiation would do to biology what would

467
00:21:32,869 --> 00:21:29,549
happen to an astronaut who is going to

468
00:21:36,289 --> 00:21:32,879
Mars and coming back and so we use these

469
00:21:39,159 --> 00:21:36,299
yeast cells who actually or which the

470
00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:39,169
the yeast cells have DNA repair

471
00:21:45,409 --> 00:21:42,720
mechanisms very similar to humans so

472
00:21:47,810 --> 00:21:45,419
when the radiation actually damages DNA

473
00:21:50,389 --> 00:21:47,820
for example in the yeast cell and and

474
00:21:52,970 --> 00:21:50,399
then it's repaired we can actually learn

475
00:21:54,350 --> 00:21:52,980
a lot about that repair mechanism using

476
00:21:56,779 --> 00:21:54,360
these so that's not crazy how all of

477
00:22:00,049 --> 00:21:56,789
life uses the same thing simply from a

478
00:22:03,430 --> 00:22:00,059
little tiny cell disguise to the fly to

479
00:22:05,950 --> 00:22:03,440
the you know to the eagle to the where

480
00:22:08,570 --> 00:22:05,960
you know made up of very similar

481
00:22:10,399 --> 00:22:08,580
building blocks cells are gonna go in

482
00:22:12,019 --> 00:22:10,409
that satellite right it's going to go in

483
00:22:14,529 --> 00:22:12,029
this satellite and there used to sound

484
00:22:17,149 --> 00:22:14,539
like gonna go yeah that's right question

485
00:22:19,249 --> 00:22:17,159
question it's actually going to go very

486
00:22:21,919 --> 00:22:19,259
very far it's gonna go towards the Sun

487
00:22:23,749 --> 00:22:21,929
and it's going to in six months it'll be

488
00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:23,759
about a third of the weight of the Sun

489
00:22:32,969 --> 00:22:27,120
which is approximately thirty million

490
00:22:39,099 --> 00:22:36,369
very brave daring yes

491
00:22:41,469 --> 00:22:39,109
and we learn a lot from them about how

492
00:22:44,919 --> 00:22:41,479
the DNA will respond in this radiation

493
00:22:47,889 --> 00:22:44,929
environment how it will you know survive

494
00:22:50,619 --> 00:22:47,899
and so on and so we'll use it as a bio

495
00:22:53,109 --> 00:22:50,629
sensor to understand the effects of deep

496
00:22:55,749 --> 00:22:53,119
space and we'll have something called an

497
00:22:57,279 --> 00:22:55,759
le t spectrometer which is also a dis

498
00:22:59,019 --> 00:22:57,289
scimitar which will also measure the

499
00:23:01,299 --> 00:22:59,029
radiation so that'll be the biological

500
00:23:04,029 --> 00:23:01,309
effect and an actual physical

501
00:23:06,039 --> 00:23:04,039
measurement which we will compare so why

502
00:23:08,349 --> 00:23:06,049
is there so much radiation you know

503
00:23:10,930 --> 00:23:08,359
outside of you know that far into space

504
00:23:13,839 --> 00:23:10,940
do you think you can kind of yeah and on

505
00:23:18,249 --> 00:23:13,849
that absolutely so so we on earth are

506
00:23:19,959 --> 00:23:18,259
lucky in a way and many many planets

507
00:23:23,589 --> 00:23:19,969
have this thing of where we have a

508
00:23:30,539 --> 00:23:23,599
magnetic field that protects us it's

509
00:23:33,669 --> 00:23:30,549
called the Van Allen belt and

510
00:23:36,180 --> 00:23:33,679
essentially this protective shell

511
00:23:39,789 --> 00:23:36,190
protects us from these highly energetic

512
00:23:41,769 --> 00:23:39,799
highly damaging particles that would

513
00:23:45,669 --> 00:23:41,779
come at us either from the Sun or from

514
00:23:47,709 --> 00:23:45,679
the cosmic radiation and which could

515
00:23:50,109 --> 00:23:47,719
damage our DNA which could damage you

516
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:50,119
know our cell membrane etc you know

517
00:23:55,659 --> 00:23:53,450
different parts of our body but we're

518
00:23:58,389 --> 00:23:55,669
protected on Earth's surface but then

519
00:24:01,599 --> 00:23:58,399
when you go to Mars or moon you're going

520
00:24:03,819 --> 00:24:01,609
beyond this protective sphere and that's

521
00:24:06,279 --> 00:24:03,829
why you know and before we send humans

522
00:24:09,459 --> 00:24:06,289
for very long duration missions you want

523
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:09,469
to send these these sentinels o as

524
00:24:19,329 --> 00:24:17,019
would you say that all this bio sciences

525
00:24:20,739 --> 00:24:19,339
research is kind of ultimately leading

526
00:24:24,369 --> 00:24:20,749
up to sending humans farther into space

527
00:24:28,719 --> 00:24:24,379
is that the final goal for space by

528
00:24:31,180 --> 00:24:28,729
sciences that's definitely in Mars in

529
00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:31,190
the neuron that's right

530
00:24:36,339 --> 00:24:34,190
so we we've got to move on to our next

531
00:24:38,619 --> 00:24:36,349
segment and last with you guys we're

532
00:24:41,259 --> 00:24:38,629
gonna do a rapid-fire so it's okay

533
00:24:43,269 --> 00:24:41,269
vilkin through our animation up there

534
00:24:44,029 --> 00:24:43,279
we'll get started this is a segment

535
00:24:52,969 --> 00:24:44,039
where we

536
00:24:54,499 --> 00:24:52,979
ask you a whole bunch of questions I'm

537
00:24:55,940 --> 00:24:54,509
gonna fire a bunch of questions at you

538
00:24:58,159 --> 00:24:55,950
and you answer as many as you can in the

539
00:25:01,340 --> 00:24:58,169
next minute or so because then we have

540
00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:01,350
to move on to our next guests okay so

541
00:25:07,159 --> 00:25:04,970
there are a bunch from our viewers uh

542
00:25:08,989 --> 00:25:07,169
what is your favorite experiment that

543
00:25:14,450 --> 00:25:08,999
has been done in space question from

544
00:25:16,339 --> 00:25:14,460
Colin Ella and or well that's Colin's

545
00:25:18,049 --> 00:25:16,349
question my question was gonna be if you

546
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:18,059
could do some Anu experiment what would

547
00:25:24,049 --> 00:25:21,450
it be okay these are all excellent I

548
00:25:27,619 --> 00:25:24,059
would say my favorite experiment in

549
00:25:30,289 --> 00:25:27,629
space was um when we fufu flies for the

550
00:25:32,299 --> 00:25:30,299
four we you know it hadn't been flown

551
00:25:34,129 --> 00:25:32,309
for a number of years and then we flew

552
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:34,139
it to look at how the immune system

553
00:25:38,450 --> 00:25:36,450
changes and how it responds to an

554
00:25:41,149 --> 00:25:38,460
infection when they come back from space

555
00:25:43,099 --> 00:25:41,159
and these fruit flies you know the

556
00:25:45,769 --> 00:25:43,109
experiment was really successful came

557
00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:45,779
back we did the experiment and we found

558
00:25:50,659 --> 00:25:48,450
some really cool things about how the

559
00:25:53,299 --> 00:25:50,669
immune system was perturbed by

560
00:25:56,450 --> 00:25:53,309
spaceflight and found actually that they

561
00:25:58,669 --> 00:25:56,460
were perturbed in ways that were quite

562
00:26:00,379 --> 00:25:58,679
similar to the way they are affected in

563
00:26:02,239 --> 00:26:00,389
humans and I thought that was very cool

564
00:26:04,249 --> 00:26:02,249
because we we learned quite a bit about

565
00:26:06,919 --> 00:26:04,259
the basics of what happens

566
00:26:09,379 --> 00:26:06,929
that's accruals here's another one from

567
00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:09,389
vanilla man 47 besides bone structure

568
00:26:14,599 --> 00:26:12,690
damage how to space affect our body yeah

569
00:26:17,779 --> 00:26:14,609
lots of different changes our

570
00:26:22,879 --> 00:26:17,789
cardiovascular changes immune system

571
00:26:25,369 --> 00:26:22,889
changes yeah that was interesting cuz

572
00:26:28,060 --> 00:26:25,379
that rose only when the astronauts were

573
00:26:31,219 --> 00:26:28,070
in space for three months and longer

574
00:26:33,469 --> 00:26:31,229
yeah and so those are the big the gross

575
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:33,479
anatomical changes as we were just

576
00:26:38,570 --> 00:26:36,090
saying but then even at the deeper level

577
00:26:40,489 --> 00:26:38,580
at the cell level now you know people

578
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:40,499
our scientists are beginning to do a lot

579
00:26:45,259 --> 00:26:42,450
more molecular biology and we're finding

580
00:26:47,690 --> 00:26:45,269
some pretty cool changes even at the sub

581
00:26:50,299 --> 00:26:47,700
cellular level so different organelles

582
00:26:55,339 --> 00:26:50,309
inside the cell and how they function

583
00:26:57,409 --> 00:26:55,349
and how your genes make proteins RNA and

584
00:26:59,029 --> 00:26:57,419
proteins those are all affected

585
00:27:02,029 --> 00:26:59,039
those are all changing those are all

586
00:27:05,149 --> 00:27:02,039
changing in tiny ways so then you know

587
00:27:07,519 --> 00:27:05,159
you can still survive and do your job

588
00:27:09,259 --> 00:27:07,529
but at the same time there are enough

589
00:27:11,839 --> 00:27:09,269
changes that you need to understand it

590
00:27:13,819 --> 00:27:11,849
so you know how to handle it for long

591
00:27:16,999 --> 00:27:13,829
duration by the time what it's like you

592
00:27:18,409 --> 00:27:17,009
send astronauts over blind exactly

593
00:27:20,509 --> 00:27:18,419
exactly

594
00:27:22,039 --> 00:27:20,519
Novus static wants to know do you expect

595
00:27:26,029 --> 00:27:22,049
experiments to be done in orbit around

596
00:27:27,979 --> 00:27:26,039
the moon yeah very much yeah yeah

597
00:27:31,999 --> 00:27:27,989
there's a NASA's envisioning something

598
00:27:35,060 --> 00:27:32,009
called gateway which could be a facility

599
00:27:37,279 --> 00:27:35,070
that will support experiments in space

600
00:27:38,979 --> 00:27:37,289
so we've been starting to define what

601
00:27:42,819 --> 00:27:38,989
kind of research like to do there

602
00:27:45,499 --> 00:27:42,829
exactly know lots of the for - yeah sure

603
00:27:49,129 --> 00:27:45,509
maybe one more quick one before we have

604
00:27:50,719 --> 00:27:49,139
to say goodbye do the astronauts have

605
00:27:52,759 --> 00:27:50,729
any involvement with any of these Space

606
00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:52,769
Station animal experiments or are they

607
00:27:56,419 --> 00:27:54,570
run autonomously from jerk

608
00:27:58,279 --> 00:27:56,429
oh no astronauts actually are big

609
00:28:00,560 --> 00:27:58,289
they're our partners in this you know

610
00:28:04,069 --> 00:28:00,570
for example the fruit fly mission that

611
00:28:05,930 --> 00:28:04,079
Christina and I ran recently we had to

612
00:28:08,239 --> 00:28:05,940
have astronauts actually give the flies

613
00:28:10,549 --> 00:28:08,249
new food they took the samples they

614
00:28:11,959 --> 00:28:10,559
fixed it and preservative and froze them

615
00:28:14,389 --> 00:28:11,969
so that when they came back down we

616
00:28:16,039 --> 00:28:14,399
could analyze the molecular biology of

617
00:28:18,769 --> 00:28:16,049
the change yes they were like our hands

618
00:28:20,899 --> 00:28:18,779
yeah up there and we owe so much to them

619
00:28:23,719 --> 00:28:20,909
and all their hard work up there on the

620
00:28:25,699 --> 00:28:23,729
station and that's for the ISS but then

621
00:28:27,409 --> 00:28:25,709
when you do a satellite mission like we

622
00:28:31,909 --> 00:28:27,419
talked about by Sentinel then it's

623
00:28:33,739 --> 00:28:31,919
completely autonomous all by itself but

624
00:28:36,169 --> 00:28:33,749
it's just two different ways of doing

625
00:28:39,049 --> 00:28:36,179
science both very useful very useful

626
00:28:41,119 --> 00:28:39,059
yeah cool all right so I wish we could

627
00:28:43,339 --> 00:28:41,129
keep you for the whole hour we have more

628
00:28:47,899 --> 00:28:43,349
people to meet so thank you so much for

629
00:28:49,479 --> 00:28:47,909
coming on thank you for having and for

630
00:28:52,699 --> 00:28:49,489
those of you watching and quick reminder

631
00:28:56,509 --> 00:28:52,709
today we're talking about studying life

632
00:28:57,829 --> 00:28:56,519
in space and what kind of tools do we

633
00:29:01,459 --> 00:28:57,839
need to do that and what kind of

634
00:29:03,759 --> 00:29:01,469
questions can we answer if you have

635
00:29:05,870 --> 00:29:03,769
questions please leave them on twitch.tv

636
00:29:08,510 --> 00:29:05,880
slash NASA

637
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:08,520
they are clearing out all the hardware

638
00:29:11,690 --> 00:29:09,930
that you got to see in the first half

639
00:29:13,910 --> 00:29:11,700
and we're bringing in a couple more

640
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:13,920
researchers who are gonna talk to us

641
00:29:19,130 --> 00:29:16,530
about the space hacks genius hacks that

642
00:29:21,890 --> 00:29:19,140
they've developed in their labs to get

643
00:29:22,820 --> 00:29:21,900
research done either here on earth or up

644
00:29:25,790 --> 00:29:22,830
on the space station

645
00:29:28,100 --> 00:29:25,800
it doesn't always require some super

646
00:29:30,470 --> 00:29:28,110
specialized fancy equipment and they're

647
00:29:31,790 --> 00:29:30,480
gonna show us all about that coming up

648
00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:31,800
all right

649
00:29:41,210 --> 00:29:37,710
so hello hello welcome guys so now we've

650
00:29:42,110 --> 00:29:41,220
got a remit our crew here and actually I

651
00:29:44,060 --> 00:29:42,120
thought we should start with you

652
00:29:45,590 --> 00:29:44,070
Christina because you're our host for

653
00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:45,600
the day but you're also a scientist

654
00:29:50,360 --> 00:29:48,600
right so yes Abby yes I am the host for

655
00:29:53,150 --> 00:29:50,370
today but I also work with fruit flies

656
00:29:56,690 --> 00:29:53,160
in the lab a scientist yeah and then to

657
00:29:58,850 --> 00:29:56,700
my right we have hi I'm Cassie Juran I

658
00:30:01,610 --> 00:29:58,860
am a postdoctoral fellow and a

659
00:30:03,590 --> 00:30:01,620
bioengineer researcher am i interested

660
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:03,600
in in stem cells in space and how

661
00:30:09,980 --> 00:30:07,310
regenerative mechanisms work very cool

662
00:30:12,410 --> 00:30:09,990
I'm Justine Richardson I'm a senior

663
00:30:16,910 --> 00:30:12,420
research engineer so I actually built

664
00:30:20,270 --> 00:30:16,920
system to recycle air and water in space

665
00:30:22,850 --> 00:30:20,280
awesome Wow very cool and you know it's

666
00:30:24,290 --> 00:30:22,860
great to know you guys I'm just a little

667
00:30:26,930 --> 00:30:24,300
bit but we're actually gonna try to get

668
00:30:28,790 --> 00:30:26,940
to know a little better so we're gonna

669
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:28,800
start another segment called weird

670
00:30:36,910 --> 00:30:31,050
science iord science

671
00:30:40,820 --> 00:30:36,920
[Music]

672
00:30:42,590 --> 00:30:40,830
all right so weird science um I wanted

673
00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:42,600
to ask you guys and also I will answer

674
00:30:47,390 --> 00:30:45,480
this myself yes what is the strangest

675
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:47,400
thing you've done in the name of science

676
00:30:51,730 --> 00:30:48,930
and so while you guys think about it I

677
00:30:53,420 --> 00:30:51,740
will start off with mine and so my

678
00:30:57,260 --> 00:30:53,430
weirdest thing I've ever done with

679
00:30:58,640 --> 00:30:57,270
science is actually in college I ran a

680
00:31:02,180 --> 00:30:58,650
catering company with three other

681
00:31:04,910 --> 00:31:02,190
friends and we catered for weddings for

682
00:31:08,630 --> 00:31:04,920
school events for family parties and

683
00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:08,640
things like that but so we were able to

684
00:31:13,670 --> 00:31:10,890
cook for oh three hundred four hundred

685
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:13,680
people at a time and that was a lot of

686
00:31:19,460 --> 00:31:16,370
fun but when I started working at NASA

687
00:31:22,850 --> 00:31:19,470
boy I did not think I would actually be

688
00:31:27,290 --> 00:31:22,860
catering for flies so I actually make

689
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:27,300
fly food every single week up to their

690
00:31:32,210 --> 00:31:29,010
specs of course I don't discriminate

691
00:31:34,430 --> 00:31:32,220
against clients and I make food for them

692
00:31:40,670 --> 00:31:34,440
so that they can survive and they can

693
00:31:43,580 --> 00:31:40,680
grow the food is made up of some grains

694
00:31:45,710 --> 00:31:43,590
there's also yeast a lot of sugar they

695
00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:45,720
love their sugar and then we also put a

696
00:31:50,990 --> 00:31:47,610
coagulating agent so it turns kind of

697
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:51,000
like a jello almost fly jello fly

698
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:53,610
Justina cheong fly jello caterer great

699
00:31:58,760 --> 00:31:55,850
on my resume

700
00:32:03,830 --> 00:31:58,770
excellent pretty weird yeah pretty weird

701
00:32:05,660 --> 00:32:03,840
little weird yeah I have any weird

702
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:05,670
science like that but I have a weirdly

703
00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:09,330
dedicated to science kind of story when

704
00:32:13,700 --> 00:32:11,880
I was also in graduate school I was

705
00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:13,710
working on a personalized medicine

706
00:32:19,460 --> 00:32:16,680
project with with the guy who was

707
00:32:23,390 --> 00:32:19,470
sponsoring my my PhD and we were trying

708
00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:23,400
to replicate skeletal joints so that we

709
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:25,170
could create an implant that was

710
00:32:31,670 --> 00:32:26,910
specialized for each individual patient

711
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:31,680
Oh like custom-fit exactly so for this

712
00:32:38,450 --> 00:32:35,010
particular project we had done a three

713
00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:38,460
dimensional x-ray or a x-ray computed

714
00:32:45,110 --> 00:32:41,970
commute I can't see speak today and as

715
00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:45,120
3d CT or computed tomography okay you

716
00:32:55,170 --> 00:32:50,850
and what I needed to do to complete the

717
00:32:56,340 --> 00:32:55,180
implant was to 3d print these skeletal

718
00:32:58,920 --> 00:32:56,350
structures so I could fit the implant

719
00:33:00,360 --> 00:32:58,930
perfectly and I needed a specific kind

720
00:33:03,299 --> 00:33:00,370
of printer and a specific kind of

721
00:33:04,620 --> 00:33:03,309
material and after a lot of searching I

722
00:33:07,260 --> 00:33:04,630
found a print shop that could do it

723
00:33:10,440 --> 00:33:07,270
and they told me to take about 16 hours

724
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:10,450
to print and the guy who was normally

725
00:33:18,090 --> 00:33:12,250
the tech for printing was not going to

726
00:33:19,650 --> 00:33:18,100
be there until two days later so I

727
00:33:21,950 --> 00:33:19,660
literally said well I know how to use

728
00:33:24,540 --> 00:33:21,960
this printer can I stay here overnight

729
00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:24,550
the one who prints this over so I stayed

730
00:33:29,220 --> 00:33:26,890
for 16 hours and I made sure the Machine

731
00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:29,230
didn't break so that we had the printed

732
00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:30,490
model ready and we could fit the

733
00:33:36,890 --> 00:33:33,370
implants perfectly so I'm able to ask

734
00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:36,900
what did you print what's a little model

735
00:33:41,910 --> 00:33:39,340
for this specific project we were

736
00:33:43,110 --> 00:33:41,920
looking at the jaw or this specific

737
00:33:45,150 --> 00:33:43,120
section here it's called the

738
00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:45,160
temporomandibular joints when it goes

739
00:33:49,410 --> 00:33:46,690
bad it goes really bad really quickly

740
00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:49,420
and we were creating a tissue-engineered

741
00:33:54,180 --> 00:33:51,370
implant to basically correct that

742
00:33:56,549 --> 00:33:54,190
problem Wow and then was the patient

743
00:33:58,080 --> 00:33:56,559
alright so I wasn't the doctor but from

744
00:34:00,900 --> 00:33:58,090
everything I know it went really really

745
00:34:06,090 --> 00:34:00,910
well that's your exam occation pay off

746
00:34:10,139 --> 00:34:06,100
your sleep I wrote excellent weird

747
00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:10,149
dedication weird catering mm-hmm can you

748
00:34:17,580 --> 00:34:14,530
top that well I can describe some of the

749
00:34:19,260 --> 00:34:17,590
interesting experience I have yes so

750
00:34:21,419 --> 00:34:19,270
when I first actually first got to him

751
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:21,429
one of my first job was develop a

752
00:34:36,060 --> 00:34:31,810
wastewater recycling system to test the

753
00:34:40,350 --> 00:34:36,070
system yes I needed a 55-gallon barrel

754
00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:40,360
of urine and dirty shower one oh hey oh

755
00:35:00,720 --> 00:34:57,990
glass bottle in the men's bathroom you

756
00:35:03,270 --> 00:35:00,730
know I had to go around with a bottle an

757
00:35:12,420 --> 00:35:03,280
example is it can I have your urine

758
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:12,430
please an acid document and so that's

759
00:35:16,530 --> 00:35:14,410
how we got it and we we did that for

760
00:35:19,950 --> 00:35:16,540
weeks to try to mix this and you know

761
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:19,960
mixture of urine I had a fully gal oh

762
00:35:26,670 --> 00:35:21,970
yeah and then you used it on your system

763
00:35:30,780 --> 00:35:26,680
yes we did yes go actually we did go all

764
00:35:39,690 --> 00:35:30,790
the way to portable water we didn't

765
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:39,700
drink it that's pretty impressive though

766
00:35:48,570 --> 00:35:41,530
yeah that's that was that not my

767
00:35:52,470 --> 00:35:48,580
preferred job for the science things to

768
00:35:56,310 --> 00:35:52,480
get the NASA job done right yeah so yeah

769
00:35:59,520 --> 00:35:56,320
that is completely weird just but I

770
00:36:02,610 --> 00:35:59,530
guess what's not weird is using everyday

771
00:36:04,260 --> 00:36:02,620
items to get your research done cuz

772
00:36:06,510 --> 00:36:04,270
that's what you guys are gonna show us

773
00:36:09,060 --> 00:36:06,520
in the next section right so we're gonna

774
00:36:12,540 --> 00:36:09,070
move on now to present to you some of

775
00:36:14,610 --> 00:36:12,550
our genius space hacks so as I was

776
00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:14,620
describing before these guys sometimes

777
00:36:20,610 --> 00:36:18,730
encounter challenges in the lab and they

778
00:36:22,410 --> 00:36:20,620
need quick fixes or they need smart

779
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:22,420
fixes and you don't necessarily need

780
00:36:27,060 --> 00:36:25,810
some super fancy equipment to do it you

781
00:36:30,450 --> 00:36:27,070
can invent something with a little

782
00:36:33,030 --> 00:36:30,460
creativity so Christina let's start with

783
00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:33,040
you and your flies this first hack we're

784
00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:36,400
calling Lord of the Flies sorters you

785
00:36:40,830 --> 00:36:39,130
are a flyswatter extraordinaire how many

786
00:36:42,810 --> 00:36:40,840
do you think you've sorted over the

787
00:36:45,390 --> 00:36:42,820
years well Abby that is extremely

788
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:45,400
flattering title um one of the fly

789
00:36:51,570 --> 00:36:49,090
sorters yes I have sorted many flies in

790
00:36:53,490 --> 00:36:51,580
my lifetime I would say tens of

791
00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:53,500
thousands at least

792
00:36:59,080 --> 00:36:55,970
it's a lot to think about it's a lot of

793
00:37:01,210 --> 00:36:59,090
hours but why are you sorting flies tell

794
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:01,220
us where this all bins that's a great

795
00:37:06,670 --> 00:37:03,410
question so why do I sort flies actually

796
00:37:08,620 --> 00:37:06,680
believe it or not flies are actually

797
00:37:11,140 --> 00:37:08,630
they're different they're not all the

798
00:37:12,340 --> 00:37:11,150
same they might all look the same you

799
00:37:14,410 --> 00:37:12,350
know with to the naked eye but they're

800
00:37:15,940 --> 00:37:14,420
actually a little bit different and we

801
00:37:19,330 --> 00:37:15,950
do this so that we want to make sure

802
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:19,340
that we know for our experiments you

803
00:37:23,890 --> 00:37:21,410
know what flies goes where essentially

804
00:37:26,770 --> 00:37:23,900
it'll make sense and so one of the most

805
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:26,780
common um I can see them actually I just

806
00:37:29,740 --> 00:37:28,370
realized in the close-up I see yeah

807
00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:29,750
they're all they're all Korean are

808
00:37:35,590 --> 00:37:32,690
scurrying around at top so actually or

809
00:37:38,050 --> 00:37:35,600
one common way that we sort is actually

810
00:37:39,970 --> 00:37:38,060
between males and females hmm and so

811
00:37:41,950 --> 00:37:39,980
they are distinctively different and

812
00:37:45,190 --> 00:37:41,960
we're able to see that under a

813
00:37:47,620 --> 00:37:45,200
microscope and so normally what we do in

814
00:37:49,870 --> 00:37:47,630
the lab is that we actually take flies

815
00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:49,880
that are in vial like this and we'll

816
00:37:55,810 --> 00:37:53,990
have a tray kind of out just about this

817
00:37:58,180 --> 00:37:55,820
big about a cell phone size tray or so

818
00:38:01,110 --> 00:37:58,190
and it will actually dump out the Flies

819
00:38:02,830 --> 00:38:01,120
and they'll form a little pile and

820
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:02,840
unfortunately we can't just tell the

821
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:07,490
Flies like have them all lined up

822
00:38:10,750 --> 00:38:09,110
unfortunately can't even get humans to

823
00:38:14,110 --> 00:38:10,760
do that so yeah it's not gonna happen

824
00:38:16,240 --> 00:38:14,120
for flies so you know how do we do that

825
00:38:19,170 --> 00:38:16,250
well actually what we do is we use there

826
00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:19,180
it is oh yeah she's actually there I

827
00:38:23,050 --> 00:38:21,350
don't know if you can actually see it on

828
00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:23,060
there but she's actually using the heck

829
00:38:30,190 --> 00:38:27,200
you see paintbrush and you can see on

830
00:38:31,870 --> 00:38:30,200
the left is that she females I believe

831
00:38:33,610 --> 00:38:31,880
and on the right is on males

832
00:38:36,970 --> 00:38:33,620
Wow you can tell just but yeah I did so

833
00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:36,980
it's a season two I can tell but you

834
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:38,570
learn after about a couple thousand

835
00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:43,370
flies that's all it takes a couple of

836
00:38:47,380 --> 00:38:45,290
thousand flies here there okay so you

837
00:38:49,630 --> 00:38:47,390
just need an ordinary watercolor type

838
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:49,640
paintbrush yes this sort flies for Space

839
00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:51,170
Station experiments basically yes

840
00:38:56,110 --> 00:38:53,090
exactly and this is my favorite

841
00:38:59,080 --> 00:38:56,120
paintbrush it is not only because it's a

842
00:39:03,130 --> 00:38:59,090
beautiful color magenta color but also

843
00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:03,140
it has actually very sturdy bristles but

844
00:39:06,130 --> 00:39:05,210
actually still very soft so what we can

845
00:39:09,609 --> 00:39:06,140
do is actually

846
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:09,619
pick up individual flies and place them

847
00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:10,910
where we want to want where we want them

848
00:39:13,989 --> 00:39:12,170
to go and we're also able to do like a

849
00:39:15,849 --> 00:39:13,999
sweeping motion and kind of move the

850
00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:15,859
Flies into different piles Wow

851
00:39:20,950 --> 00:39:18,170
genius maybe you don't need some

852
00:39:23,349 --> 00:39:20,960
specialized fly sorting device no we

853
00:39:25,420 --> 00:39:23,359
just need a craft store or watercolor

854
00:39:27,489 --> 00:39:25,430
sets if you take it from water color

855
00:39:30,069 --> 00:39:27,499
palettes okay and you can use that for

856
00:39:33,150 --> 00:39:30,079
this awesome so digital D has a question

857
00:39:39,309 --> 00:39:33,160
for you yes the flies ever escaped oh

858
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:39,319
yes honestly yes they have escaped but

859
00:39:44,979 --> 00:39:41,930
mostly that's a user error more so than

860
00:39:48,339 --> 00:39:44,989
the Flies but what we do is we just were

861
00:39:50,349 --> 00:39:48,349
able to either kind of catch them and

862
00:39:54,759 --> 00:39:50,359
scoop them back up or sometimes we just

863
00:39:55,989 --> 00:39:54,769
let them go farewell farewell wise I'm

864
00:39:58,539 --> 00:39:55,999
sorry you can't join us in our

865
00:39:59,829 --> 00:39:58,549
experiment right yeah all right so

866
00:40:02,440 --> 00:39:59,839
there's an experiment so that sure Mila

867
00:40:05,049 --> 00:40:02,450
was talking about a little actually work

868
00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:05,059
in her lab so she is someone I'm very

869
00:40:09,039 --> 00:40:05,690
close to

870
00:40:12,579 --> 00:40:09,049
and we sort flies all the time

871
00:40:15,130 --> 00:40:12,589
fascinating now as weird as that is I

872
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:15,140
just want to mention that someone has

873
00:40:32,310 --> 00:40:29,190
you like to volunteer now as we move on

874
00:40:35,670 --> 00:40:32,320
to our second hack I will shout out to I

875
00:40:37,710 --> 00:40:35,680
am Leung and who mentions I put fruit

876
00:40:39,980 --> 00:40:37,720
flies to sleep with sleeping gas in

877
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:39,990
biology class stay tuned

878
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:43,210
here comes hack number two which we are

879
00:40:46,890 --> 00:40:43,930
calling

880
00:40:48,810 --> 00:40:46,900
nighty night flies now that's not a

881
00:40:51,210 --> 00:40:48,820
nursery rhyme that you missed in your

882
00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:51,220
you think that is about a way to make

883
00:40:56,610 --> 00:40:54,130
flies fall asleep fast right Cristina

884
00:40:58,530 --> 00:40:56,620
yes that's definitely very true so tell

885
00:41:00,750 --> 00:40:58,540
us how does that normally work in the

886
00:41:02,580 --> 00:41:00,760
lab and then what's your hack all about

887
00:41:05,580 --> 00:41:02,590
yeah so normally the lab actually what

888
00:41:08,010 --> 00:41:05,590
we do is we have a big carbon dioxide

889
00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:08,020
tank if we want we can cue up the photo

890
00:41:12,930 --> 00:41:10,930
that was a motor of you next to it I

891
00:41:17,550 --> 00:41:12,940
think so why carbon dioxide because

892
00:41:20,310 --> 00:41:17,560
that's going to so carbon dioxide will

893
00:41:22,050 --> 00:41:20,320
actually put the flies to sleep and when

894
00:41:29,190 --> 00:41:22,060
I say that I literally mean put the

895
00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:29,200
Flies to not put the Flies we want them

896
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:34,300
to wake back up this okay and so what we

897
00:41:39,470 --> 00:41:37,410
do is so we actually have to do this

898
00:41:42,240 --> 00:41:39,480
normally this is how we're able to

899
00:41:45,210 --> 00:41:42,250
maneuver the Flies with carbon dioxide

900
00:41:46,590 --> 00:41:45,220
when they fall asleep and so so yeah

901
00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:46,600
that's why we have to use carbon dioxide

902
00:41:50,370 --> 00:41:48,370
alright but you were telling me then

903
00:41:52,230 --> 00:41:50,380
okay so the fly experiments go to the

904
00:41:53,490 --> 00:41:52,240
space station they spend perhaps a month

905
00:41:55,770 --> 00:41:53,500
there right I mean some of the Flies

906
00:41:58,800 --> 00:41:55,780
come back for you to study changes in

907
00:42:00,600 --> 00:41:58,810
them right ground right yes and then is

908
00:42:02,580 --> 00:42:00,610
that when you're gonna need a hat

909
00:42:03,990 --> 00:42:02,590
because you have to go fetch them yes so

910
00:42:05,850 --> 00:42:04,000
actually what we do is we actually have

911
00:42:08,370 --> 00:42:05,860
to go to Long Beach California which is

912
00:42:09,810 --> 00:42:08,380
down the coast of California says we're

913
00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:09,820
up and north it's actually down further

914
00:42:14,850 --> 00:42:12,610
south and so we can't just you know

915
00:42:17,820 --> 00:42:14,860
strap a tank to our car and expect to

916
00:42:19,320 --> 00:42:17,830
drive down with it my way with eighty

917
00:42:20,850 --> 00:42:19,330
pound tank on the real way with those

918
00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:20,860
potholes in California for all of our

919
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:23,170
Californians we all know this yeah

920
00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:31,800
fly count pun number one so no we're not

921
00:42:36,839 --> 00:42:34,450
gonna be able to do that and so what the

922
00:42:38,730 --> 00:42:36,849
genius scientists at NASA Ames Research

923
00:42:43,410 --> 00:42:38,740
Center did was actually found a way to

924
00:42:45,450 --> 00:42:43,420
create portable carbon dioxide yeah yeah

925
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:45,460
how do you do ya know that's a great

926
00:42:51,420 --> 00:42:47,650
question so actually what we did was we

927
00:42:53,849 --> 00:42:51,430
have a bottle and this is a fly bottle

928
00:42:56,820 --> 00:42:53,859
that we have in the lab all the time

929
00:42:59,250 --> 00:42:56,830
and we hold flies and it's kind of like

930
00:43:01,680 --> 00:42:59,260
this vial I'm just bigger and so we can

931
00:43:03,390 --> 00:43:01,690
hold more flies and so what we did was

932
00:43:05,460 --> 00:43:03,400
we took a spare one and we filled it up

933
00:43:08,579 --> 00:43:05,470
with tap water just water you can find

934
00:43:14,370 --> 00:43:08,589
in the sink and then what we did was we

935
00:43:19,950 --> 00:43:14,380
actually were able to hack this by what

936
00:43:23,220 --> 00:43:19,960
is that dropping - antacid tablets

937
00:43:24,690 --> 00:43:23,230
and so yeah antacid tablets so this is

938
00:43:26,609 --> 00:43:24,700
actually antacid tablets are used for

939
00:43:30,030 --> 00:43:26,619
indigestion there's the ones you can

940
00:43:31,560 --> 00:43:30,040
find at your local drugstore yeah these

941
00:43:33,990 --> 00:43:31,570
are just the same ones as these two

942
00:43:36,210 --> 00:43:34,000
tablets and so to demonstrate this hack

943
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:36,220
we're actually going to be able to show

944
00:43:40,230 --> 00:43:39,010
you how the flies fall asleep but what

945
00:43:58,290 --> 00:43:40,240
I've also wanted to make sure was that

946
00:44:02,670 --> 00:43:58,300
safety first always including on set so

947
00:44:06,150 --> 00:44:02,680
we did was that we have a bottle of

948
00:44:09,570 --> 00:44:06,160
water and then now we have a vial of

949
00:44:11,609 --> 00:44:09,580
flies and so I'm gonna drop these two

950
00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:11,619
tablets and then can I get a quick

951
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:18,490
countdown from the folks here there we

952
00:44:25,859 --> 00:44:23,200
go and you can see right and so what we

953
00:44:27,690 --> 00:44:25,869
do is now we have to stop it with a

954
00:44:32,190 --> 00:44:27,700
rubber stopper and now we're actually

955
00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:32,200
able to direct the carbon dioxide out

956
00:44:36,329 --> 00:44:35,050
the needle and what we can do is take

957
00:44:37,470 --> 00:44:36,339
the vial you can see they're all

958
00:44:39,490 --> 00:44:37,480
crawling up they're getting all excited

959
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:39,500
and what

960
00:44:44,550 --> 00:44:42,110
do is will kind of insert it in and

961
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:44,560
we'll wait for the carbon dioxide to

962
00:44:48,790 --> 00:44:47,510
affect them and as you can see yeah

963
00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:48,800
they're starting to drop starting to

964
00:45:02,320 --> 00:44:50,450
drop that's pretty clear dropping like

965
00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:02,330
flies at the bottom and so yeah now we

966
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:06,260
have about Oh 30 seconds or so to be

967
00:45:12,940 --> 00:45:10,610
able to sort the flies much like we did

968
00:45:15,130 --> 00:45:12,950
before at the hack we bring our trusty

969
00:45:17,110 --> 00:45:15,140
little paintbrush and separate the flies

970
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:17,120
into their appropriate containers that's

971
00:45:21,040 --> 00:45:19,130
not a lot of time though no no we have

972
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:21,050
some trained hands and the team work

973
00:45:25,570 --> 00:45:22,850
really fast and very carefully but

974
00:45:27,490 --> 00:45:25,580
accurately yeah interesting and while

975
00:45:30,130 --> 00:45:27,500
we're talking about working with flies

976
00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:30,140
and other organisms and putting them to

977
00:45:34,990 --> 00:45:32,930
sleep letting them wake up what can you

978
00:45:37,930 --> 00:45:35,000
guys tell us about the the precautions

979
00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:37,940
you take to treat animals correctly and

980
00:45:41,980 --> 00:45:40,130
humanely right they're their rules

981
00:45:44,020 --> 00:45:41,990
around that right and your work that oh

982
00:45:46,420 --> 00:45:44,030
yeah definitely I know you know I speak

983
00:45:49,120 --> 00:45:46,430
for myself in my own research but I know

984
00:45:51,580 --> 00:45:49,130
these folks especially Cassie here also

985
00:45:54,370 --> 00:45:51,590
is very familiar with this as well but

986
00:45:57,700 --> 00:45:54,380
yes we take the utmost precaution and

987
00:45:59,230 --> 00:45:57,710
most the sensitivity to the animals and

988
00:46:00,760 --> 00:45:59,240
knowing that you know they are giving

989
00:46:05,280 --> 00:46:00,770
their lives for us to be able to learn

990
00:46:14,050 --> 00:46:07,690
chill out all day in a nice warm room

991
00:46:16,240 --> 00:46:14,060
you know they're perfectly happy and so

992
00:46:18,220 --> 00:46:16,250
we take here at NASA especially you know

993
00:46:20,980 --> 00:46:18,230
we take very much care into that and

994
00:46:23,230 --> 00:46:20,990
making sure that we don't do things just

995
00:46:26,530 --> 00:46:23,240
for fun you know we do a performant of

996
00:46:30,130 --> 00:46:26,540
science to help and help us as humans as

997
00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:30,140
well right right now thank you for that

998
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:33,050
fascinating so I hope that the viewer

999
00:46:37,660 --> 00:46:35,210
who has done that before got a kick out

1000
00:46:40,930 --> 00:46:37,670
of seeing a NASA scientist putting flies

1001
00:46:43,660 --> 00:46:40,940
to sleep probably in a similar way let's

1002
00:46:45,820 --> 00:46:43,670
move on though to our next hack which

1003
00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:45,830
Cassie is gonna watch walk us through so

1004
00:46:51,190 --> 00:46:48,290
this is about sending spacecraft into

1005
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:51,200
space such as satellites and before NASA

1006
00:46:54,309 --> 00:46:51,890
lon

1007
00:46:56,079 --> 00:46:54,319
anything it sends it up there for good

1008
00:46:58,690 --> 00:46:56,089
to run an experiment they're gonna test

1009
00:47:01,329 --> 00:46:58,700
it very carefully and give it a sort of

1010
00:47:02,559 --> 00:47:01,339
spacecraft checkup which is the name of

1011
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:02,569
this next tack

1012
00:47:08,620 --> 00:47:05,210
Cassie can you tell us what's the deal

1013
00:47:10,329 --> 00:47:08,630
and I can go into this little so when we

1014
00:47:12,370 --> 00:47:10,339
package our experiments for flight

1015
00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:12,380
they're usually contained in these nice

1016
00:47:17,140 --> 00:47:15,170
sturdy boxes so that if anybody like

1017
00:47:18,670 --> 00:47:17,150
drops it or if it needs to get like on

1018
00:47:20,529 --> 00:47:18,680
the space station there's no gravity so

1019
00:47:22,450 --> 00:47:20,539
we orient them upside down sometimes

1020
00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:22,460
they're attached to the walls sometimes

1021
00:47:24,519 --> 00:47:23,930
there are the floors there you kind of

1022
00:47:27,130 --> 00:47:24,529
go all over

1023
00:47:29,289 --> 00:47:27,140
so we pack them up in these nice sturdy

1024
00:47:31,089 --> 00:47:29,299
containers but once they're packed in

1025
00:47:32,380 --> 00:47:31,099
here we can't really check on them to

1026
00:47:37,049 --> 00:47:32,390
make sure that everything inside is

1027
00:47:39,130 --> 00:47:37,059
still working so how do we do a go/no-go

1028
00:47:40,799 --> 00:47:39,140
basically for for flight on an

1029
00:47:43,150 --> 00:47:40,809
experiment like I do I decide this is

1030
00:47:45,460 --> 00:47:43,160
good to go it's working correctly

1031
00:47:46,779 --> 00:47:45,470
of course at NASA everything has like a

1032
00:47:48,099 --> 00:47:46,789
backup and then a backup to the back

1033
00:47:50,490 --> 00:47:48,109
okay we want to make sure that we're

1034
00:47:52,420 --> 00:47:50,500
sending up a working model yeah so

1035
00:47:55,990 --> 00:47:52,430
before we actually put things together

1036
00:47:57,759 --> 00:47:56,000
we do a last minute check up and check

1037
00:48:05,740 --> 00:47:57,769
up is an accurate word because we use it

1038
00:48:07,450 --> 00:48:05,750
trusty let's go so literally if I plug

1039
00:48:09,730 --> 00:48:07,460
these into my ears I can take myself

1040
00:48:11,980 --> 00:48:09,740
stethoscope and I can listen for moving

1041
00:48:13,329 --> 00:48:11,990
parts within you know this system

1042
00:48:15,130 --> 00:48:13,339
sometimes it's a pump

1043
00:48:17,259 --> 00:48:15,140
sometimes it's check valves sometimes

1044
00:48:19,450 --> 00:48:17,269
it's gas going through the system you

1045
00:48:20,799 --> 00:48:19,460
can hear I can hear all of that by

1046
00:48:21,999 --> 00:48:20,809
moving around my stethoscope to make

1047
00:48:23,620 --> 00:48:22,009
sure everything's in working order

1048
00:48:25,299 --> 00:48:23,630
awesome yeah what do you listen like

1049
00:48:28,630 --> 00:48:25,309
what kind of sound are we listening for

1050
00:48:31,210 --> 00:48:28,640
can you yeah so like a valve will be a

1051
00:48:33,039 --> 00:48:31,220
click click like okay okay

1052
00:48:35,049 --> 00:48:33,049
literally as the valve opens you'll hear

1053
00:48:36,970 --> 00:48:35,059
it open as it closes if there's any

1054
00:48:38,740 --> 00:48:36,980
gases running for example you'll hear

1055
00:48:42,490 --> 00:48:38,750
hissing noise just like we kind of heard

1056
00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:44,410
so I'm going to that's so cool like a

1057
00:48:50,559 --> 00:48:48,410
why reinvent the wheel that thing

1058
00:48:53,980 --> 00:48:50,569
already exists to do can we call you a

1059
00:48:57,010 --> 00:48:53,990
space doctor please don't but

1060
00:48:59,230 --> 00:48:57,020
that would be too cool quite Neriah all

1061
00:49:00,850 --> 00:48:59,240
right let's move on to our next tag but

1062
00:49:03,550 --> 00:49:00,860
you're also gonna show us so give you a

1063
00:49:06,490 --> 00:49:03,560
moment to get it up here but I think

1064
00:49:08,290 --> 00:49:06,500
you're gonna tell us about spinning for

1065
00:49:12,010 --> 00:49:08,300
science and space so we're gonna call

1066
00:49:14,620 --> 00:49:12,020
this hak spin class so this is about

1067
00:49:16,330 --> 00:49:14,630
using a centrifuge right so I I worked

1068
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:16,340
in the lab briefly I remember what that

1069
00:49:19,210 --> 00:49:17,930
is can you run us through though what a

1070
00:49:21,490 --> 00:49:19,220
centrifuge is how that works

1071
00:49:22,870 --> 00:49:21,500
sure absolutely so one of the major

1072
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:22,880
things we have to do in research is we

1073
00:49:26,320 --> 00:49:24,770
have to be able to separate our samples

1074
00:49:28,390 --> 00:49:26,330
just like Christina uses her paintbrush

1075
00:49:31,570 --> 00:49:28,400
to separate flies we have to separate

1076
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:31,580
cells from Culture Media from other like

1077
00:49:35,890 --> 00:49:33,110
water components and things like that

1078
00:49:37,390 --> 00:49:35,900
and the way we do that is on earth you

1079
00:49:39,010 --> 00:49:37,400
know for example if you wanted to pour a

1080
00:49:40,870 --> 00:49:39,020
glass of water gravity kind of does the

1081
00:49:43,210 --> 00:49:40,880
work for you you pour the glass of water

1082
00:49:46,150 --> 00:49:43,220
and you're fine in space however because

1083
00:49:48,460 --> 00:49:46,160
there's no gravity we have to use other

1084
00:49:50,230 --> 00:49:48,470
forces to drive fluids in certain

1085
00:49:51,970 --> 00:49:50,240
directions and one of the main ones we

1086
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:51,980
use is the centrifuge centrifuge is

1087
00:49:58,420 --> 00:49:54,410
basically a rotary device that spins and

1088
00:50:00,580 --> 00:49:58,430
creates a odd or a force in a single

1089
00:50:02,440 --> 00:50:00,590
direction and with that single direction

1090
00:50:05,290 --> 00:50:02,450
force you're able to separate liquids

1091
00:50:07,570 --> 00:50:05,300
based on densities or masses or move

1092
00:50:11,590 --> 00:50:07,580
fluids from one position to another okay

1093
00:50:12,340 --> 00:50:11,600
Oh on that note I think I know what

1094
00:50:14,560 --> 00:50:12,350
that's all about

1095
00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:14,570
I happen to have brought my salad

1096
00:50:20,620 --> 00:50:17,570
spinner with me today we're talking

1097
00:50:22,830 --> 00:50:20,630
about I've got my wet lettuce throw it

1098
00:50:26,340 --> 00:50:22,840
in here right I'm gonna get

1099
00:50:29,110 --> 00:50:26,350
more or less that is exactly overtime

1100
00:50:30,490 --> 00:50:29,120
throw the water against the wall that's

1101
00:50:32,650 --> 00:50:30,500
gonna drain out the bottom and my

1102
00:50:36,190 --> 00:50:32,660
lettuce is dry is that is that the same

1103
00:50:38,020 --> 00:50:36,200
idea same idea the difference is if I'm

1104
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:38,030
separating out microscopic cells I need

1105
00:50:47,050 --> 00:50:39,110
something a little bit more powerful

1106
00:50:53,230 --> 00:50:47,060
than your arm we could you sell it yeah

1107
00:50:55,060 --> 00:50:53,240
all right so yeah so something a little

1108
00:50:57,040 --> 00:50:55,070
more powerful than this exactly but

1109
00:50:58,960 --> 00:50:57,050
Elad centrifuges big thing right you

1110
00:51:01,450 --> 00:50:58,970
brought a picture we actually do so you

1111
00:51:03,370 --> 00:51:01,460
can pull that up oh wow all right so

1112
00:51:04,840 --> 00:51:03,380
it's a it's a big machine that's not a

1113
00:51:07,030 --> 00:51:04,850
thing that you can easily launch the

1114
00:51:09,070 --> 00:51:07,040
space station no definitely not this

1115
00:51:11,740 --> 00:51:09,080
this thing would take a way too much

1116
00:51:15,580 --> 00:51:11,750
mass and way too much space it's a big

1117
00:51:17,530 --> 00:51:15,590
machine so basically we needed a version

1118
00:51:19,120 --> 00:51:17,540
of that that we could then use in space

1119
00:51:21,340 --> 00:51:19,130
that wouldn't take up really any excess

1120
00:51:24,220 --> 00:51:21,350
space and that's our second hack all

1121
00:51:30,430 --> 00:51:24,230
right third I gotta get out so how do we

1122
00:51:32,290 --> 00:51:30,440
do that we use this is a very

1123
00:51:34,180 --> 00:51:32,300
traditional like the astronauts we use

1124
00:51:36,610 --> 00:51:34,190
they have a couple of versions of this

1125
00:51:39,220 --> 00:51:36,620
on station but they'll use it for

1126
00:51:42,340 --> 00:51:39,230
repairs they'll use it for repositioning

1127
00:51:43,750 --> 00:51:42,350
of gear on station and we decided that

1128
00:51:45,610 --> 00:51:43,760
we would use it as our makeshift

1129
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:45,620
centrifuge all right cool and the way we

1130
00:51:51,550 --> 00:51:48,410
do that is we have a drill and we used a

1131
00:51:55,140 --> 00:51:51,560
3d printer and we printed one of these

1132
00:51:59,010 --> 00:51:55,150
this is basically a centrifuge rotor and

1133
00:52:01,540 --> 00:51:59,020
what this does get a zoom in on that

1134
00:52:04,750 --> 00:52:01,550
what this does is it has several

1135
00:52:06,730 --> 00:52:04,760
positions along the rim where we can put

1136
00:52:08,080 --> 00:52:06,740
sample tubes and I have an example of

1137
00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:08,090
the sample tube that's out right now so

1138
00:52:12,910 --> 00:52:10,400
this is a sample tube that looks kind of

1139
00:52:16,120 --> 00:52:12,920
interesting and our sample TV fits right

1140
00:52:18,490 --> 00:52:16,130
into this rotor so if I pop it open a

1141
00:52:18,730 --> 00:52:18,500
little bit closer so I can see what I'm

1142
00:52:21,550 --> 00:52:18,740
doing

1143
00:52:24,430 --> 00:52:21,560
so if I open the lock I can pop the tube

1144
00:52:26,510 --> 00:52:24,440
right in if I lock the tube back in I

1145
00:52:27,990 --> 00:52:26,520
can then mount this whole thing

1146
00:52:31,440 --> 00:52:28,000
[Music]

1147
00:52:34,109 --> 00:52:31,450
yep I can successfully and then this if

1148
00:52:35,370 --> 00:52:34,119
I had my sample in I can literally run

1149
00:52:47,300 --> 00:52:35,380
this and I would like to run it but

1150
00:52:52,349 --> 00:52:50,339
this will spin nicely I'm gonna spin it

1151
00:52:55,050 --> 00:52:52,359
slowly because we're in a studio but

1152
00:52:57,240 --> 00:52:55,060
yeah and basically after this is

1153
00:52:59,550 --> 00:52:57,250
finished binning I have a photo of what

1154
00:53:03,839 --> 00:52:59,560
happens with some dyed liquid and what

1155
00:53:05,370 --> 00:53:03,849
you can see here there we go we have two

1156
00:53:07,680 --> 00:53:05,380
pictures this picture over here is

1157
00:53:09,359 --> 00:53:07,690
before the sample of centrifuge so you

1158
00:53:11,880 --> 00:53:09,369
can see that all the sample is in the

1159
00:53:13,710 --> 00:53:11,890
loading input well and then after

1160
00:53:15,630 --> 00:53:13,720
centrifuge the sample has moved down and

1161
00:53:17,280 --> 00:53:15,640
is now in the test window cool so now

1162
00:53:19,410 --> 00:53:17,290
from this state we could do whatever

1163
00:53:21,870 --> 00:53:19,420
kinds of tests were looking to do let's

1164
00:53:25,640 --> 00:53:21,880
see that video of astronaut capabilities

1165
00:53:28,190 --> 00:53:25,650
using this attack on the space station

1166
00:53:31,370 --> 00:53:28,200
she is that's exactly the same thing

1167
00:53:33,980 --> 00:53:31,380
exactly the same thing same drill even

1168
00:53:39,380 --> 00:53:33,990
and she's having just as much trouble

1169
00:53:42,420 --> 00:53:39,390
and she's spinning it at full speed

1170
00:53:49,589 --> 00:53:42,430
awesome I love that that's actually in

1171
00:53:51,180 --> 00:53:49,599
use up there well we've gotta keep

1172
00:53:54,990 --> 00:53:51,190
moving because we honestly have like

1173
00:53:59,099 --> 00:53:55,000
four minutes so we want to hear about

1174
00:54:02,660 --> 00:53:59,109
Justine's hacks so this next one we're

1175
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:02,670
gonna call take my astronaut breath away

1176
00:54:07,740 --> 00:54:05,890
because Justine works on keeping air

1177
00:54:11,070 --> 00:54:07,750
clean for astronauts on the space

1178
00:54:13,079 --> 00:54:11,080
station and I know that you've helped

1179
00:54:15,480 --> 00:54:13,089
design some systems that are already in

1180
00:54:17,310 --> 00:54:15,490
use up there and that you have some new

1181
00:54:18,599 --> 00:54:17,320
research going on so you can tell us

1182
00:54:20,670 --> 00:54:18,609
about can you tell us the basics what's

1183
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:20,680
the deal we have to clean up the air

1184
00:54:24,839 --> 00:54:22,510
that they've exhaled but the astronauts

1185
00:54:27,599 --> 00:54:24,849
right it's so we take all the

1186
00:54:31,380 --> 00:54:27,609
information that you guys are doing and

1187
00:54:33,990 --> 00:54:31,390
learn from it and on the space station

1188
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:34,000
as the astronaut breathe out oxygen

1189
00:54:38,310 --> 00:54:35,770
breathe in oxygen they actually breathe

1190
00:54:40,839 --> 00:54:38,320
out carbon dioxide we need to reduce

1191
00:54:43,749 --> 00:54:40,849
that carbon dioxide in a room like this

1192
00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:43,759
a tool level that's reasonable so one

1193
00:54:48,700 --> 00:54:45,410
way we do that is we use a material

1194
00:54:52,269 --> 00:54:48,710
called solid sorbents so now I can

1195
00:54:55,059 --> 00:54:52,279
absorb now if you take a look at these

1196
00:54:57,339 --> 00:54:55,069
sponge you put this in water juárez

1197
00:54:59,289 --> 00:54:57,349
absorb and you squeeze it out using

1198
00:55:01,630 --> 00:54:59,299
pressure or you put it in the Sun the

1199
00:55:04,450 --> 00:55:01,640
water comes back out another example of

1200
00:55:07,630 --> 00:55:04,460
Solace Orban is like that a silica gel

1201
00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:07,640
bag where do you find those I've seen

1202
00:55:19,299 --> 00:55:13,970
these in new shoe boxes you can eat your

1203
00:55:21,670 --> 00:55:19,309
beef jerky but do not right so we use of

1204
00:55:23,769 --> 00:55:21,680
materials that removes carbon dioxide

1205
00:55:26,469 --> 00:55:23,779
just like you water filter at home

1206
00:55:28,930 --> 00:55:26,479
remove contaminate from your water so in

1207
00:55:31,150 --> 00:55:28,940
order to remove the carbon dioxide we

1208
00:55:35,170 --> 00:55:31,160
have to first remove the water so we use

1209
00:55:37,599 --> 00:55:35,180
a similar experiment material with just

1210
00:55:43,660 --> 00:55:37,609
silica gel hops and same stuff in that

1211
00:55:45,849 --> 00:55:43,670
packet recycling right you flow air

1212
00:55:47,859 --> 00:55:45,859
through space stations or systems

1213
00:55:50,589 --> 00:55:47,869
Biggers like two five gallon barrel and

1214
00:55:52,599 --> 00:55:50,599
then the air stream is dry when it's dry

1215
00:55:54,459 --> 00:55:52,609
then we remove the carbon dioxide the

1216
00:55:55,299 --> 00:55:54,469
carbon dioxide is removed by these dry

1217
00:55:57,099 --> 00:55:55,309
parts yes

1218
00:55:59,200 --> 00:55:57,109
by the second sorbets they're very cool

1219
00:56:01,209 --> 00:55:59,210
and is this reusable too if that is

1220
00:56:03,940 --> 00:56:01,219
reusable because you know you put this

1221
00:56:06,609 --> 00:56:03,950
in the Sun the water evaporate you heat

1222
00:56:09,069 --> 00:56:06,619
that up the co2 then comes off and it

1223
00:56:11,940 --> 00:56:09,079
gets recycled and converted to methane

1224
00:56:18,549 --> 00:56:11,950
and water we waste nothing on station no

1225
00:56:20,829 --> 00:56:18,559
everything is reusable regenerative

1226
00:56:22,630 --> 00:56:20,839
chemicals all right what's some of the

1227
00:56:24,009 --> 00:56:22,640
you know current research that's being

1228
00:56:25,690 --> 00:56:24,019
done on so some of the more advanced

1229
00:56:29,140 --> 00:56:25,700
research as we travel a little bit

1230
00:56:31,930 --> 00:56:29,150
further from ISS or International Space

1231
00:56:34,359 --> 00:56:31,940
Station we look at some other sorbents

1232
00:56:38,950 --> 00:56:34,369
are more effective as they use in the

1233
00:56:40,959 --> 00:56:38,960
submarines sometimes right these are

1234
00:56:43,870 --> 00:56:40,969
called liquid surface liquid sort of

1235
00:56:45,729 --> 00:56:43,880
high school so an example of this is the

1236
00:56:48,160 --> 00:56:45,739
material on top right there is a sort of

1237
00:56:50,499 --> 00:56:48,170
liquid sorban but absorbs you to when

1238
00:56:52,479 --> 00:56:50,509
it's mixed in water and when you ask you

1239
00:56:54,340 --> 00:56:52,489
to to it it actually becomes one phase

1240
00:56:59,410 --> 00:56:54,350
that's cool so this looks like oil and

1241
00:57:01,600 --> 00:56:59,420
or like salad dressing yes then it

1242
00:57:03,510 --> 00:57:01,610
absorbs you too and it becomes Mixel

1243
00:57:06,580 --> 00:57:03,520
unmixable

1244
00:57:08,530 --> 00:57:06,590
so cool so it's regenerative is regen

1245
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:08,540
regenerative and reasonable that is the

1246
00:57:14,890 --> 00:57:10,910
keyword uncredible

1247
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:14,900
no i'm impressed because so clever and i

1248
00:57:20,530 --> 00:57:17,090
am so sad to say that we have to say

1249
00:57:23,260 --> 00:57:20,540
goodbye these conversations go so fast

1250
00:57:25,450 --> 00:57:23,270
every time but thank you all of you for

1251
00:57:27,520 --> 00:57:25,460
joining us and thank you everybody for

1252
00:57:29,830 --> 00:57:27,530
watching this has been NASA in Silicon

1253
00:57:31,930 --> 00:57:29,840
Valley live as we said we are a

1254
00:57:33,850 --> 00:57:31,940
conversational show about all the cool

1255
00:57:37,630 --> 00:57:33,860
work going on at NASA's Ames Research

1256
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:37,640
Center so tune in next time we will be

1257
00:57:44,020 --> 00:57:40,510
back on September 27th to talk about

1258
00:57:46,480 --> 00:57:44,030
videogames in space so join us then you

1259
00:57:48,610 --> 00:57:46,490
can watch us on Twitch YouTube Facebook

1260
00:57:52,150 --> 00:57:48,620
and NASA TV and you can catch the audio

1261
00:57:53,950 --> 00:57:52,160
version on our podcast until then thank